![]() However, there are significant differences across and even within species. Moreover, it is difficult to apply the concepts used to measure forces in other joints to the TMJ ( 14– 16). This is because the masticatory system involves a large number of muscles of various shapes and sizes and complex architecture. However, even in humans, measuring the bite force is more challenging than measuring forces in other body regions, such as the shoulder, arm, and hip. In humans, the shape of the skull does not differ greatly, and it is relatively easy to apply detachable sensors to teeth. The mandibles move about the skull, and the TMJs guide it through contraction of the masticatory muscles the force is then transmitted to the maxillary and mandibular teeth, generating the bite force ( 1, 13). ![]() The TMJ is crucial for masticatory function, along with dental occlusion, masticatory muscles, movement at the mandibular symphysis, and shape of the skull ( 9– 12). Therefore, the TMJ bony components have a transversely elongated mandibular head at the mandibular side and a narrow tubular component of the mandibular fossa at the temporal bone side ( 4). In dogs and cats, the premolar and molar teeth have a scissor (secodont) action thus, the mandibles are mainly moved by a hinge-like vertical motion, and lateral motion is little and limited ( 4, 8). The TMJ is a synovial condylar joint formed between the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the squamous part of the temporal bone ( 6, 7). This paper is a summary of current knowledge of bite forces in dogs and cats, including the effect of measurement methods and of other factors. Knowledge of bite forces in dogs and cats is essential for various clinical and research fields such as the development of implants, materials, and surgical techniques as well as for forensic medicine. Other factors such as oral pain, TMJ disorders, masticatory muscle atrophy, and malocclusion may also affect bite force. The main factors affecting the bite forces in dogs and cats are body weight and the skull’s morphology and size. FEA can estimate bite force in extinct species however, estimates may be lower than the measurements in live animals and would have to be validated specifically in domestic dogs and cats to be reliable. In vitro bite forces have been estimated by calculation of the force produced using mechanical equations representing the jaw adductor muscles and of the mandible and skull structure Bite force can be estimated in silico using finite element analysis (FEA) of the computed model of the anatomical structures. Bite force has been measured in vivo from anesthetized dogs by electrical stimulation of jaw adductor muscles, but this may not be reflective of volitional bite force during natural activity. ![]() Direct in vivo measurement of a bite in dogs has been done however, bite forces were highly variable due to animal volition, situation, or specific measurement technique. Several methods to measure bite forces in dogs and cats have been described.
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